Harmful widowhood practices are unconstitutional and may constitute criminal offences under the VAPP Act.

The Supreme Court has affirmed equal inheritance rights for women and daughters.

Customary practices cannot override constitutional protections of dignity and equality.

DNA evidence can rebut marital presumptions and legally establish or disprove paternity.

Once confirmed, paternity creates enforceable rights to maintenance, inheritance, custody, and identity.

Courts balance scientific certainty with privacy rights and the best interest of the child.

Bride price is legally relevant only in customary marriages, not statutory marriages.

Refund practices vary widely across customs and are not automatically required.

Courts increasingly prioritise human dignity and fairness over rigid customary rules.